Alaul Hossain
Al Quran, often simply referred to as the Quran, holds a central place in Islam as the holy book believed to be the literal word of God (Allah). Revealed to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) over a period of approximately 23 years, the Quran serves as the primary source of guidance, wisdom, and spiritual nourishment for Muslims worldwide. In this article, we explore the significance, beauty, and enduring legacy of the Quran, delving into its historical context, literary excellence, and profound impact on believers’ lives.
Historical Context and Revelation:
The Quranic revelation began in the year 610 CE when Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) received the first verses of the Quran while meditating in the Cave of Hira near Mecca. Over the subsequent years, the revelations continued, covering a wide range of topics relevant to the Muslim community, including faith, morality, ethics, law, and guidance for personal conduct. The Quranic revelations were conveyed orally by Prophet Muhammad to his companions and later transcribed into writing under his supervision.
Literary Excellence and Linguistic Miracle:
One of the most remarkable aspects of the Quran is its unparalleled literary excellence and linguistic precision. Written in classical Arabic, the Quran employs a unique style characterized by eloquence, rhythm, and clarity. Its verses are imbued with profound meaning, captivating imagery, and powerful rhetoric, making it a masterpiece of literature and a source of inspiration for poets, scholars, and linguists throughout history. Muslims believe that the Quran’s linguistic beauty and eloquence constitute a divine miracle (I’jaz), serving as proof of its divine origin.
Guidance and Wisdom:
At its core, the Quran is a book of guidance and wisdom, offering timeless principles and moral teachings that address the complexities of human existence. It provides guidance on matters of faith, worship, ethics, interpersonal relations, social justice, and governance. The Quran emphasizes the importance of compassion, justice, humility, patience, and gratitude, encouraging believers to embody these virtues in their daily lives. Moreover, the Quran serves as a source of solace, comfort, and inspiration for Muslims facing trials, tribulations, and uncertainties.
Preservation and Transmission:
Despite being revealed over 14 centuries ago, the Quran remains preserved in its original form, free from any alterations or distortions. Muslims believe that Allah has guaranteed the Quran’s preservation until the end of time, ensuring that its message remains intact for future generations. The Quran has been meticulously preserved through oral transmission, written manuscripts, and scholarly endeavors, with millions of Muslims worldwide memorizing its entirety or significant portions.
Impact on Believers’ Lives:
For Muslims, the Quran is more than just a book; it is a spiritual guide, a source of strength, and a beacon of light illuminating the path to righteousness. Believers recite, study, and reflect on the Quran regularly, seeking guidance, solace, and inspiration in its verses. The Quran shapes every aspect of a Muslim’s life, influencing their beliefs, values, attitudes, and actions. Its teachings foster humility, compassion, justice, and gratitude, guiding believers to lead lives of piety, virtue, and service to humanity.
Al Quran stands as a timeless testament to the beauty, wisdom, and guidance of Islam. Its enduring legacy transcends time and space, inspiring millions of believers worldwide to seek truth, righteousness, and spiritual fulfillment. As Muslims continue to cherish, study, and live by the teachings of the Quran, they find solace, strength, and purpose in its divine message, reaffirming their faith and devotion to Allah, the Creator of the heavens and the earth.
Others Name of Al Quran:
Al Quran, the holy scripture of Islam, is also known by various other names that reflect its profound significance and divine nature. One of the most commonly used names is “The Book of Allah” (Kitab Allah), emphasizing its divine origin and authority as the literal word of God. Another frequently used term is “The Clear Book” (Al-Kitab Al-Mubin), highlighting the Quran’s clarity, guidance, and ability to elucidate truth for humanity. Additionally, it is referred to as “The Criterion” (Al-Furqan), signifying its role in distinguishing between right and wrong, truth and falsehood. Muslims also honor it as “The Reminder” (Adh-Dhikr), recognizing its capacity to remind believers of their purpose, duties, and obligations towards God and humanity. Overall, these alternative names underscore the Quran’s multifaceted role as a source of guidance, wisdom, and divine revelation for Muslims worldwide.
Surahs in the Holy Quran:
The Holy Quran is divided into chapters known as “Surahs,” each containing verses (Ayahs) that address various aspects of faith, morality, guidance, and law. There are a total of 114 Surahs in the Quran, varying in length and subject matter. Some of the notable Surahs include:
Surah Al-Fatiha (The Opening): This is the first Surah in the Quran and serves as an essential part of daily prayers. It is a prayer for guidance, seeking Allah’s help and mercy.
Surah Al-Baqarah (The Cow): This is the longest Surah in the Quran, covering a wide range of topics, including faith, law, morality, and guidance for individuals and societies.
Surah Al-Imran (The Family of Imran): This Surah continues the themes introduced in Al-Baqarah, emphasizing the importance of faith, perseverance, and seeking knowledge.
Surah An-Nisa (The Women): This Surah addresses various aspects of family life, marriage, inheritance, and the rights of women.
Surah Al-Maidah (The Table Spread): This Surah discusses dietary laws, justice, and the importance of fulfilling oaths and contracts.
Surah Al-An’am (The Cattle): This Surah emphasizes monotheism, the consequences of disbelief, and the importance of following divine guidance.
Surah Al-A’raf (The Heights): This Surah recounts stories of past prophets and their communities, highlighting the consequences of disobedience and the rewards of faith.
Surah Al-Anfal (The Spoils of War): This Surah addresses the conduct of warfare, emphasizing justice, mercy, and the importance of unity among believers.
Surah At-Tawbah (The Repentance): This Surah discusses the concept of repentance, the consequences of hypocrisy, and the importance of sincerity in faith.
Surah Yunus (Jonah): This Surah emphasizes the signs of Allah’s existence and power, urging believers to reflect on the wonders of creation and submit to His will.
These are just a few examples of the Surahs in the Holy Quran, each offering unique insights and guidance for believers seeking to deepen their understanding of Islam and strengthen their relationship with Allah.
The number of verses in the Holy Quran:
The number of verses in the Holy Quran is 6666, in contrast 6236. The name of the first revealed Surah is Surah Alaq. Although ‘Surah Nas’ is the last Surah (No. 114) of the Qur’an Sharif, there is actually disagreement about the last Surah or verse of the Qur’an. However, according to most of the Islamic Shari’ah experts, verse 3 of ‘Surah Mayidar’ (Surah No. 5) of the Holy Quran is the last revealed verse.
Makki surahs:
Allama Jalaluddin Suyuti (RA) in his famous book ‘Itqan Fi Ulumul Qur’an’ said about the Makki Surah, ‘All the Surahs which were revealed before the Prophet’s (PBUH) migration (to Medina) are called Makki Surah.’
Yahya bin Salam (RA) said that all the Surahs before reaching Makkah and Madinah were on the way to Madinah.
Makki surahs were revealed. Imam Suyuti (RA) also said that the verses revealed in the vicinity of Makkah such as Mina, Arafat and Hudaybiyyah are Makki.
He also said that the verses addressed to the people of Makkah or revealed to them are the Makki Surahs.
Ways to know:
1. All the Surahs which have the verse of prostration are Makki Surahs.
2. The verses of these suras are small.
Madani Surah:
Allama Suyuti (RA) said in his book ‘Itqan’ that the Prophet (SAW) after his migration to Madinah, all that Surahs revealed whether in Makkah or Madinah are called Madani Surahs. Yahya bin Salam said, the Surahs that were revealed after the arrival of the Holy Prophet in Madinah and those that were revealed during his visit are Madani Surahs or verses.
Imam Suyuti (RA) also said that the verses revealed in the vicinity of Madinah such as Badr and Ohud are Madani.
Ways to know:
1. The verses of these suras are long.
2. Hypocrites are discussed in these Surahs.
3. Ahkam is mentioned in these surahs.
4. In these surahs there is mujadala of believers with Ahl al-Kitab.
Seven Manzil of Al Quran:
The Holy Quran is divided into 30 parts. Each chunk is called a ‘para’. The 114 Surahs are divided into seven Manzils to facilitate Khatam (recitation) of the Holy Quran in seven days. It is possible to complete the Qur’an in seven days by reciting one manzil every day. The Seven Manzils are introduced below:
1. From Surah Fatiha to the end of Surah Nisa.
2. From Surah Ma’idah to the end of Surah Tawba.
3. From Surah Yunus to Surah Nahal.
4. From Surah Bani Israel to the end of Surah Furqan.
5. From Surah Suarah to Surah Yasin at the end.
6. From Surah Saffat to the end of Surah Hujrat.
7. From Surah Kaf to Surah Nas to the end.
Commentaries of non-Muslim scholars on the Qur’an:
Commentaries on the Quran by non-Muslim scholars offer valuable insights into the text’s historical, literary, and theological aspects, contributing to the academic study of Islam and interfaith dialogue. These commentaries provide diverse perspectives and interpretations, shedding light on the Quran’s significance beyond the boundaries of Islamic faith. Scholars from various academic disciplines, including religious studies, comparative literature, history, and anthropology, have engaged with the Quran, offering nuanced analyses and critical reflections. Some notable non-Muslim scholars who have written commentaries on the Quran include:
1. According to Sir William Moore, the existence of Allah is proved by the natural and natural evidence of the Qur’an, which strongly attracts the human mind towards submission and gratitude to Allah.
2. Dr. Gibbon says that the Qur’an is the main evidence of monotheism. If a monist philosopher ever wants to convert, Islam is the right choice for him. In general, it is difficult to find scriptures comparable to Quran in the whole world.
3. Goethe says, the closer we come to this book, the more attentively we study it, the more it fascinates and amazes us, and finally compels us to show reverence.
4. Professor Reynolds Nicholson said, due to the influence of the Quran, the Arabic language has been recognized as a sacred language in the entire Islamic world, the Quran has abolished the killing of Arab girls.
5. The German philosopher John Zacharysk said that when the Gentiles heard the Qur’an from the mouth of the Prophet, they prostrated restlessly and accepted Islam.
6. Edward D. G. Brown said, the more I think about the verses of the Qur’an, try to understand its meaning, the more its greatness increases in my mind. On the other hand, when I study Zendavesta or other scriptures, past events or for research, it feels like a bomb to the heart.
7. H. G. According to Wells, the Qur’an binds Muslims to such a bond of brotherhood that genetic and linguistic differences cannot make a difference.
8. Professor Carlyle said, I am of the opinion that the Qur’an contains all kinds of honesty and candor. The truth is, this is what it takes to create beauty.
9. Dean Stanley said, Undoubtedly, the laws of the Quran have proven to be more effective than the laws of the Bible.
10. Mr. According to S. Lider, the department of philosophy arose from the teaching of the Qur’an and reached such a height of development that it surpassed the teaching of the great empires of Europe.
11. Mr. Bethany Lanepool said, “The Qur’an has all that is necessary for a great school of thought, and the great man Muhammad (PBUH) also had it.”
12. Pastor Walerson d. Dee said, the religion of the Quran is the bearer of peace and security.
13. Dr. Gasteolibaum said that the Qur’an inspires such a living and strong faith in the hearts of people that there cannot be even a trace of doubt.
14. Famous linguist scholar Emmanuel Desk said, with the help of the Quran, the Arabs conquered a world larger than the world of Alexander the Great and a larger empire than the Roman Empire. Arab Muslims following the Qur’an came to enlighten mankind.
15. Philosopher Alkas Lozaye Zone said, Quran is a book of wisdom and light. The problems that we (Europeans) try to reconcile in science with our Christianity already have solutions in Islam and the Quran.
These non-Muslim commentaries contribute to a broader understanding of the Quran, enriching academic discourse and fostering dialogue between different religious traditions. While they may offer alternative interpretations and perspectives, they reflect the diverse approaches to studying the Quran and highlight its enduring significance as a text of profound literary, spiritual, and cultural importance.
Unlocking the Depths of Understanding: Tafseer Scriptures:
In the vast tapestry of Islamic scholarship, few fields hold as much significance as Tafseer, the exegesis or interpretation of the Quran. Tafseer, derived from the Arabic root “fassara,” meaning to explain or elucidate, serves as a beacon guiding Muslims through the depths of the Quranic verses, unraveling layers of meaning, context, and wisdom. This profound endeavor is not merely an academic pursuit but a spiritual journey that connects believers with the divine message.
At its core, Tafseer aims to elucidate the intended meaning of the Quranic text, addressing linguistic nuances, historical context, and thematic relevance. The Quran, revealed over 1400 years ago to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), is revered by Muslims as the literal word of God, and its interpretation requires scholarly rigor and spiritual insight.
Tafseer draws upon various disciplines, including linguistics, theology, jurisprudence, and history, to unravel the profound meanings embedded within the Quran. Scholars of Tafseer delve into classical Arabic grammar, syntax, and rhetoric to grasp the intricate linguistic devices employed in the Quranic verses. Moreover, they explore the Prophetic traditions (Hadith) and the historical context of revelation (Asbab al-Nuzul) to understand the circumstances under which specific verses were revealed, shedding light on their intended meanings.
One of the foundational principles of Tafseer is the concept of “Tawil,” which refers to the deeper or allegorical interpretation of Quranic verses. While the Quranic text is clear and straightforward in many places, certain verses contain layers of meaning that require deeper reflection and interpretation. Tawil allows scholars to uncover these hidden meanings, drawing connections between verses and elucidating the underlying themes and principles.
Throughout Islamic history, numerous scholars have contributed to the field of Tafseer, producing a vast corpus of literature that continues to enrich our understanding of the Quran. Among the most renowned commentators are Ibn Kathir, Al-Tabari, Al-Qurtubi, Ibn Taymiyyah, and Al-Razi, whose works remain pivotal sources of Tafseer for scholars and students alike.
One of the remarkable aspects of Tafseer is its dynamic nature, reflecting the diversity of interpretations within the Islamic tradition. Different schools of thought and theological perspectives have emerged, each offering unique insights into the Quranic text. While there is consensus on many fundamental principles, diverse interpretations contribute to a rich tapestry of understanding, accommodating the complexities of human experience and context.
In contemporary times, the study of Tafseer continues to thrive, aided by advancements in technology and scholarship. Online platforms, academic institutions, and publishing houses disseminate Tafseer literature to a global audience, fostering a deeper appreciation for the Quranic message. Moreover, modern scholars engage with pressing societal issues, applying the timeless wisdom of the Quran to address contemporary challenges, ranging from social justice to environmental sustainability.
For Muslims worldwide, Tafseer scriptures serve as a beacon of guidance and enlightenment, illuminating the path towards spiritual growth and understanding. Through diligent study and reflection, believers deepen their connection to the Quran, drawing inspiration from its timeless teachings to navigate the complexities of the modern world.
Contribution of mutazila:
The Mutazila, an early Islamic theological school that emerged in the 8th century, made significant contributions to Islamic thought and scholarship. Known for their emphasis on rational inquiry and philosophical discourse, the Mutazila played a pivotal role in shaping theological debates within the Islamic tradition. They championed the principle of ‘al-‘aql’ (reason) alongside revelation, advocating for the compatibility of reason and faith. The Mutazila’s emphasis on free will, justice, and the unity of God challenged prevailing theological orthodoxy, sparking lively debates and intellectual ferment. Moreover, their engagement with Greek philosophy, particularly the works of Aristotle and Plato, facilitated a synthesis of Hellenistic thought with Islamic theology, laying the groundwork for subsequent developments in Islamic philosophy and jurisprudence. Though the influence of the Mutazila declined over time, their legacy endures as a testament to the rich diversity of intellectual inquiry within the Islamic tradition.
Contribution of Shias:
The Shia tradition within Islam has made significant contributions to various facets of Islamic civilization, spanning theology, jurisprudence, spirituality, and culture. One of the most notable contributions lies in the preservation and interpretation of Islamic knowledge, particularly through the establishment of prominent centers of learning and the compilation of scholarly works. Shia scholars have produced extensive commentaries on the Quran, Hadith collections, and legal texts, enriching the Islamic intellectual tradition with their insights and perspectives. Furthermore, Shia spirituality, characterized by devotion to the Ahl al-Bayt (the family of the Prophet Muhammad), has inspired a rich tradition of poetry, literature, and art, fostering a deep sense of spiritual connection among believers. Additionally, Shia communities have played pivotal roles in historical events, political movements, and social reforms, advocating for justice, equality, and human rights. Through their enduring commitment to scholarship, spirituality, and social justice, Shias have left an indelible mark on Islamic civilization, contributing to its diversity, resilience, and enduring relevance.
Contribution of Kharijites:
The Kharijites, although often viewed through a lens of dissent and rebellion, have made significant contributions to Islamic thought and history. Emerging in the early centuries of Islam, the Kharijites were known for their strict adherence to principles of justice, equality, and moral rectitude. Their emphasis on individual piety and social justice challenged prevailing power structures and theological orthodoxy, paving the way for debates on governance and religious authority within the Islamic community. Furthermore, the Kharijites’ advocacy for democratic principles and consultation (Shura) in matters of governance foreshadowed later developments in Islamic political thought. Despite their tumultuous history and eventual decline, the Kharijites’ legacy endures as a reminder of the diversity of perspectives within the Islamic tradition and their enduring impact on debates surrounding ethics, governance, and social justice.
Contribution of Sufis:
Sufism, the mystical dimension of Islam, has made profound contributions to Islamic civilization, spirituality, and culture. At its core, Sufism is a path of spiritual purification and inner transformation, aimed at attaining proximity to the Divine. Sufi masters, known as “awliya Allah” or friends of God, have inspired generations with their teachings on love, compassion, and the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment. Through practices such as dhikr (remembrance of God), meditation, and spiritual retreats (khalwa), Sufis seek to transcend the ego and attain spiritual intimacy with the Divine Beloved. Moreover, Sufi poetry, music, and art have enriched the Islamic cultural landscape, offering expressions of divine love and spiritual yearning that resonate across cultures and centuries. Beyond their spiritual endeavors, Sufis have also played instrumental roles in disseminating Islamic knowledge, establishing educational institutions, and promoting social welfare initiatives. Through their emphasis on love, tolerance, and the pursuit of inner truth, Sufis have left an indelible mark on Islamic civilization, embodying the timeless message of peace, compassion, and unity.
Contribution of Faqihs:
Faqihs, or Islamic jurists, have made invaluable contributions to the development and application of Islamic law (Sharia) throughout history. Drawing from the Quran, Hadith, consensus (ijma), and analogical reasoning (qiyas), faqihs have meticulously interpreted and elucidated legal principles to address the diverse needs and challenges of Muslim societies. Their scholarly endeavors have resulted in the codification of Islamic legal norms, known as fiqh, which provide guidance on matters ranging from personal conduct to socio-economic transactions and governance. Faqihs have also played pivotal roles in resolving complex legal issues, serving as adjudicators and counselors within their communities. Moreover, their contributions extend beyond legal scholarship to encompass ethical guidance, social reform, and the promotion of justice and equity. By upholding the principles of justice, equity, and mercy, faqihs have enriched the Islamic legal tradition and provided a framework for the harmonious coexistence of religious principles with the exigencies of human life.
Contribution of Philosophers:
Philosophers within Islamic civilization have made profound contributions to diverse fields, including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and theology. Inspired by the rich intellectual heritage of ancient Greece, particularly the works of Plato and Aristotle, Islamic philosophers such as Al-Farabi, Avicenna (Ibn Sina), and Averroes (Ibn Rushd) engaged in critical dialogue with Greek philosophy, synthesizing it with Islamic thought. They explored questions related to the nature of existence, the human soul, knowledge, and the relationship between faith and reason. Through their writings and commentaries, Islamic philosophers not only preserved and transmitted the legacy of Greek philosophy but also developed original insights that shaped subsequent intellectual discourse within both the Islamic world and beyond. Their contributions laid the groundwork for the flourishing of Islamic philosophy during the Golden Age of Islam, fostering an intellectual renaissance marked by innovation, curiosity, and a spirit of inquiry. Moreover, their influence extended beyond philosophy to influence other disciplines such as theology, law, and mysticism, leaving an enduring legacy that continues to inspire scholars and thinkers across cultures and generations.